Mistikus Cinta dalam Sejarah Gereja: Sebuah Apresiasi Kritis bagi Spiritualitas yang Dinamis

Paulus Dimas Prabowo

doi:10.69668/9rk14c67

Authors

Paulus Dimas Prabowo Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Injili Indonesia Samarinda Author https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0943-8896

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.69668/9rk14c67

Keywords:

mystics, love mysticism, church history, spirituality

Abstract

Protestantism is considered a movement for the desacralization of Christianity which tends to prioritize doctrinal knowledge over spiritual experience. In fact, the Protestant Christian movement is seen as the fruit of the Enlightenment era. In fact, the aspect of affection or feeling does not have a place in this tradition, let alone spirituality and mysticism. The term 'mysticism' is even considered something evil. However, history seems to be filled with church mystics, some of whom influenced the thinking of the reformers. Those who understand the theology of mystical love are recorded as having a very deep experience of faith with God. This article seeks to provide a critical appreciation of the mysticism of love in church history and how this understanding contributes to the spirituality of Christians today. The method used is literature study, involving primary and secondary sources. The results show that some of the thoughts of the mystics of love can be applied today in the Protestant tradition, including Evangelicalism, and some cannot.

References

Arblaster, J., & Verdeyen, P. (2017). The reciprocity of spiritual love in William of Saint-Thierry and Hadewijch. International Journal of Philosophy and Theology, 78(1–2), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/21692327.2016.1258794

Arndt, J. (1978). True Christianity (P. Erb, Ed.). New Haven, CT: Paulist Press.

Augustine. (2003). The City of God (H. Bettenson, Ed.). London: Penguin Classics.

Augustine. (2006). Late Have I Loved Thee: Selected Writings of Saint Augustine on Love (J. F. Thornton, Ed.). New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

Augustine. (2009). Confessions (H. Chadwick, Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Augustine. (2012a). On the Trinity (P. A. Boer Sr. & W. G. T. Shedd D.D., Eds.). California: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Augustine. (2012b). St. Augustine of Hippo: Homilies on the Gospel of St. John (P. A. Boer Sr., Ed.). California: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Augustine. (2020). On Order: St. Augustine’s Cassiciacum Dialogues (M. P. Foley, Ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.

Barnett, C. B. (2016). “Rest” as Unio Mystica ?: Kierkegaard, Augustine, and the Spiritual Life. Spiritus: A Journal of Christian Spirituality, 16(1), 58–77.

Berkhof, L. (2021). Systematic Theology (Expanded E). Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Banner of Truth Trust.

Bernard, of C. (1971). Sermons on the Song of Songs (K. Walsh & I. Edmonds, Eds.). New York: Cistercian Publications.

Bernard, of C. (1973). On Loving God (E. Stiegman, Ed.). New York: Cistercian Publications.

Beukes, J. (2020). The Trinitarian and Christological Minnemystik of the Flemish beguine Hadewijch of Antwerp (fl.1240). HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 76(1), 1–10.

Boon, J. A. (2003). Trinitarian Love Mysticism: Ruusbroec, Hadewijch, And Christianity, the Gendered Experience of the Divine. Church History: Studies in and Culture, 72, 484–503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009640700100320

Bulman, W. J. (2016). Introduction: Enlightenment for the Cultural Wars. In W. J. Bulman & R. G. Ingram (Eds.), God in the Enlightenment. New York: Oxford University Press.

Calder, L. (1998). Christian Karaoke. Touchstone, 11.

Chin, C. S. (2003). Calvin, Mystical Union, and Spirituality. Torch Trinity Journal, 6, 183–209.

Classen, A. (2010). The Dialectics of Mystical Love in the Middle Ages: Violence/Pain and Divine Love in the Mystical Visions of Mechtild of Magdeburg and Marguerite Porète. Studies in Spirituality, 20, 143–160.

https://doi.org/10.2143/SIS.20.0.2061147

Cvetkovic, V. (2021). Eros and Distance: Transformation of Desire in St Gregory of Nyssa. In Love – Ancient Perspectives (pp. 101–121). https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.133.ch06

Driskill, J. (1999). Protestant Spiritual Exercises: Theology, History and Practice. Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse.

Dupre, L. (1989). The Christian Experince of Mystical Union. Journal of Religion, 69(1), 1–13.

Egan, H. D. (2010). Soundings in the Christian Mystical Tradition. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press.

Fokin, A. (2015). St. Augustine’s paradigm: Ab exterioribus ad interiora, ab inferioribus ad superiora in western and eastern Christian mysticism. European Journal for Philosophy of Religion, 7(2), 81–107. https://doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v7i2.121

Gonzalez-Bernal, E. (2023). The God of Julian of Norwich: A Christological reading in a follow-up key. Verbum et Ecclesia, 44(1). https://doi.org/doi.org/ 10.4102/ve.v44i1.2893

Gorgiev, B. (2015). ETYMOLOGICAL-SEMANTIC ASSUMPTION BEHIND THE TERM AGAPE. Church Studies, 12, 203–211.

Gregorius Nyssenus. (1986). In Canticum Canticorum (Langerbeck, Ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. Retrieved from https://brill.com/view/title/888

Hadewijch, of A. (1980). Hadewijch: The Complete Works (C. Hart, Ed.). New York: Paulist Press.

Hadewijch, of A. (2017). Hadewijch. Brieven: Middelnederlandse Tekst (P. Mommaers & A. Daróczi, Eds.). Leuven: Peeters. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books?id=p1sJMQAACAAJ

Horton, M. (2014). Calvin on the Christian Life: Glorifying and Enjoying God Forever. Wheaton, IL: Crossway.

Howells, E., & McIntosh, M. A. (2020). Introduction. In E. Howells & M. A. McIntosh (Eds.), In The Oxford Handbook of Mystical Theology (pp. 1–5). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hunter, J. D. (1981). Operationalizing Evangelicalism: A Review, Critique & Proposal. Sociological Analysis, 42(4), 363–372. https://doi.org/10.2307/3711547

Jacobs, J. (2009). An Eastern Orthodox Conception Of Theosis And Human Nature, Faith and Philosophy. Journal of the Philosophers, Society of Christian, 26(5), 615–627.

Joubert, L. H. (2022). Hadewijch: Mystic Theologian? HTS Teologiese Studies, Studies/Theological, 78(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i2.7574

Julian, of N. (2012). Revelations of Divine Love (R. Hudleston, Ed.). New York: Dover Publications.

Kariatlis, P. (2012). “Dazzling Darkness”: The Mystical or Theophanic Theology of St Gregory of Nyssa. Phronema, 27(2), 99–123.

Kruger, K. (2016). Christian love in inter-religious perspectives. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 72(4). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v72i4.3443

Louth, A. (2021). Love in Dionysius the Areopagite and St Maximus the Confessor. In K. Grødum, H. F. Hägg, J.

Kaufman, & T. T. Tollefsen (Eds.), Love – Ancient Perspectives (pp. 123–138). Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP.

Lovelace, R. F. (2020). Dynamics of Spiritual Life: An Evangelical Theology of Renewal. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.

Marchinkowski, G., & De Villiers, P. G. (2020). The rediscovery of spiritual practices within Protestantism. STJ | Stellenbosch Theological Journal, 6(1), 429–456. https://doi.org/10.17570/stj.2020.v6n1.a22

Mateo-Seco, L. F., & Maspero, G. (2010). The Brill Dictionary of Gregory of Nyssa. Leiden: Brill.

Maximos, the C. (1982). The Four Hundred Texts on Love. In G. E. H. Palmer, K. Ware, & P. Sherrar (Eds.), Philokalia (Volume 2). London: Faber & Faber.

McGinn, B. (1987). Love, Knowledge, and Mystical Union in Western Christianity: Twelfth to Sixteenth Centuries. Church History, 56(1), 7–24. https://doi.org/doi:10.2307/3165301

McGinn, B. (1996). The Growth of Mysticism: Gregory the Great Through the 12 Century (The Presence of God). New York: Herder & Herder.

McGinn, B. (2015). Mysticism and the reformation: A brief survey. Acta Theologica, 32(5), 50–65.

McKnight, S. (2012). Foreward. In R. L. Plummer (Ed.), Journeys of Faith: Evangelicalism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Anglicanism. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan.

Meconi, D. V. (2009). Traveling without Moving: Love as Ecstatic Union in Plotinus, Augustine, and Dante. Mediterranean Studies, 18, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/41163960

Mir, A. (2018). Fluidity in stillness: A reading of Hadewijch’s Strofische gedichten/poems in stanzas. Traditio, 73, 179–211.

Noll, M. A. (2014). Defining Evangelicalism. In D. M. Lewis & R. V. Pierard (Eds.), Global Evangelicalism: Theology, History and Culture in Regional Perspective (pp. 17–37). Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.

Nyssenus, G. (1963). De Virginitate, in Gregorii Nysseni Opera VIII/1 (J. P. Cavarnos, Ed.). Leiden: Brill.

Prabowo, P. D. (2023). Romansa Biblika: Pesan Tuhan Tentang Cinta dalam Kitab Kidung Agung. Yogyakarta: Jejak Pustaka.

Quispel, G., & Oort, J. Van. (2009). Chapter Forty-Four. Gregory of Nyssa and mysticism. In Gnostica, Judaica, Catholica. Collected Essays of Gilles Quispel (pp. 733–738). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.

https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004139459.i-870.231

Rentell, V. M. (2008). St. Gregory of Nyssa The Reluctant Saint. Saint Gregory Nyssa, 1(1), 5–15.

Ruffing, J. (1995). Enountering Love Mysticism. Presence: An International Journal of Spiritual Direction, 1(1), 20–33.

Rutagwelera, L. (2017). St. Gregory of Nyssa: His Contribution to Christian Philosophy. Africa Tomorrow, 19(1–2), 97–118.

Salim, F. (2021). Kontribusi Doa Mistik Karl Rahner bagi Kalangan Reformed di Era Pascakebenaran. Indonesian Journal of Theology, 9(2), 168–194. https://doi.org/10.46567/ijt.v9i2.192

Sergent, F. T. (2015). Unitas Spiritus and the Originality of William of Saint-Thierry. In F. T. Sergent, A. Rydstrøm-Poulsen, & M. L. Dutton (Eds.), Unity of Spirit: Studies on William of Saint-Thierry in Honor of E. Rozanne Elder. Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications.

Smits, L. A. (2014). “A union not only of Bodies but of Spirits” The Image of the Kiss in the Commentaries on the Song of Songs of Bernard of Clairvaux and William of St. Thierry. Utrecht University.

Theojaya, S. (2013). Mystical Love in Confessions X: An Inquiry on the Name of the Divine. Indonesian Journal of Theology, 1(2), 1–16.

Walsham, A. (2008). The reformation and “the disenchantment of the world” reassessed. Historical Journal, 51(2), 497–528. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X08006808

Weber, M. (2001). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. London: Routledge Classics.

William, of S. T. (1979). The Mirror of Faith. New York: Cistercian Publications. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books?id=PeMRAQAAIAAJ

William, of S. T. (1997). Expositio super Cantica canticorum (P. Verdeyen, S. Ceglar, & A. van Burink, Eds.). Brepols. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books?id=nQAQAQAAIAAJ

William, of S. T. (2013). On the Nature and Dignity of Love (B. Hermenegild, Ed.). California: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Wyrąbkiewicz, A. (2017). The Mysticism of Love in De Virginitate of st. Gregory of Nyssa. Roczniki Teologiczne, 64(4), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.18290/rt.2017.64.4-2en